Industri herba wujud ramai usahawan baru

Industri herba wujud ramai usahawan baru

Sumber UTUSAN MALAYSIA

Oleh KHAIRUNNISA SULAIMAN

Zainal Azman Abu Kassim menunjukkan produk yang dihasilkan oleh kebanyakan usahawan tempatan dan dipasarkan oleh Herba Plaza.

Memandangkan negara mempunyai khazanah kepelbagaian biologi flora dan fauna antara terkaya di dunia, sudah semestinya ia boleh menjana kekayaan dalam konteks pengeluaran hasil untuk dimanfaatkan.

Antara contoh terbaik dalam khazanah hutan adalah tanaman herba di mana kajian menunjukkan warisan nenek moyang ini kaya dengan ciri-ciri farmaseutikal.

Justeru Perbadanan Herba Malaysia (MHC) ditubuhkan pada 2001 sebagai sebuah anak syarikat penuh Kumpulan Industri-Kerajaan Bagi Teknologi Tinggi Malaysia (MiGHT) memainkan peranan penting untuk memanfaatkan kekayaan tersebut.

Pengurus Besar Kumpulan MHC, Zainal Azman Abu kasim berkata, pada peringkat awal pihaknya menjalankan aktiviti untuk kajian industri kerana pada masa itu tidak terdapat satu badan yang khusus bagi menguruskan mengenai herba.

"Industri herba boleh dilihat sebagai memberikan sumbangan besar kepada negara memandangkan pada tahun 2001 saja ia menyumbang sebanyak RM2 bilion kepada ekonomi negara.

"Dan dalam masa lapan tahun saja, sumbangan industri itu telah meningkat empat kali ganda atau RM8 bilion," katanya semasa ditemui di pejabatnya di Kuala Lumpur, baru-baru ini.

Industri herba kini boleh dikatakan mengalami proses evolusi daripada industri kecil-kecilan di belakang rumah kepada bernilai bilion ringgit.

Kini pelbagai produk herba seperti tongkat ali dan kacip fatimah sedang berkembang dengan menjadi asas dalam makanan tambahan, kosmetik, minyak pati dan farmaseutikal.

Produk herba, jelas Zainal Azman bukan saja memberikan sumbangan yang besar kepada ekonomi negara tetapi juga peluang perniagaan kepada usahawan baru.

Bagi menjayakannya, kerajaan telah menyediakan peruntukan bagi industri pertanian semasa Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan (RMK-9) sebanyak RM11.4 bilion dalam industri asas tani untuk bangunkan industri moden, dinamik dan kompetitif.

MHC juga turut menyokong menjalankan aktiviti herba misalnya pada 2007 telah menjalankan program pusat pengumpulan dan pemasaran produk herba dengan Kementerian Pembangunan Usahawan dan Koperasi (MECD).

Menerusi program berkenaan, MHC akan memilih 150 buah syarikat bumiputera bagi dibangunkan dan dipromosi di Herbal Plaza, Medan Tuanku, Kuala Lumpur.

"Herbal Plaza bertindak sebagai pusat sehenti bagi mengumpul, mempamer, memasarkan dan menjual produk herba.

"Sejak beroperasi Herbal Plaza mendapat sambutan yang amat menggalakkan sama ada dari dalam atau luar negara," katanya.

MHC merancang untuk meluaskan lagi pasaran produk herba bumiputera menerusi pengkomersialan Herbal Shoppe sebagai cabang pemasaran dengan MeCD di lokasi terpilih seperti kompleks membeli belah dan kawasan yang menjadi tumpuan ramai.

Zainal Azman menambah dijangka menjelang akhir tahun ini terdapat lima buah Herbal Shoppe akan diwujudkan di Lembah Klang.

"Sebelum ini usahawan Bumiputera banyak berniaga di kiosk dan inilah masanya mereka beralih kepada industri yang lebih profesional.

"Di negara ini terdapat lebih kurang 1,800 usahawan yang terlibat dalam industri herba melibatkan menanam, memproses, formulasi dan pemasaran," katanya.

Dari jumlah berkenaan, 30 peratus bergiat dengan agresif dalam pemasaran herba dan MHC memilih 150 daripada syarikat berkenaan untuk bekerjasama dengan MECD.

Jumlah yang dipilih perlu menepati kriteria yang ditetapkan seperti Bumiputera, mempunyai produk sendiri, mendapat kelulusan Biro Farmaseutikal dan Kawalan Mutu Makanan, mempunyai program latihan terancang dan berkeupayaan meluaskan perniagaan mereka.

Sehingga ini kebanyakan pengusaha mendapatkan formulasi produk daripada agensi kerajaan seperti Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), SIRIM, Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia (MARDI) dan institut pengajian tinggi (IPT) di mana ada permintaan yang sesuai dengan agensi dan syarikat.

Zainal Azman berkata, di sini agensi berkenaan akan menyebarkan penemuan terbaru kepada usahawan untuk dikomersialkan.

Buat masa sekarang terdapat lebih 300 produk daripada 150 syarikat dipasarkan di Herbal Plaza.

MHC dan MECD membantu pasaran dengan melabur dalam iklan atau semasa pameran, program yang dianjurkan oleh kerajaan.

Semasa pameran herba, usahawan terpilih akan diberikan subsidi bagi mempamerkan produk mereka tetapi ramai yang tidak mengambil kesempatan yang diberikan.

Pameran luar negara pula boleh didapati daripada Perbadanan Pembangunan Perdagangan Luar Malaysia (MATRADE) tetapi kurang mendapat sambutan.

"Produk herba kesihatan seperti tongkat ali, kacip fatimah, misai kucing mempunyai peminat tersendiri dan dilihat akan berkembang maju.

"Produk herba yang mendapat sentuhan kajian saintifik mendapat sambutan yang amat menggalakkan," katanya.

Universiti tempatan juga semakin agresif menjalankan pelbagai kajian berkaitan herba, misalnya Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) menemui sebatian dalam kaduk yang dapat mengawal obesiti dan dijangka akan berada di pasaran tidak lama lagi.

Taman Teknologi Malaysia (TPM) menerusi TPM Bioteknologi menyewakan kilangnya yang bertaraf GMP (Amalan Pengilangan Baik) kepada pengusaha bagi menghasilkan produk herba bermutu tinggi.

PETUA PENTING PERSEDIAAN BAHAN UBAT

1. Memberi salam kepada nabi Ilyas sebelum mengambil sesuatu tanaman (pokok, daun, bunga dan sebagainya) untuk buat ubat, caranya; " Assalammu'alaikum wahai nabi Ilyas, saya hendak mengambil pokok ini untuk merawat penyakit …….(sebut nama penyakit) yang di hidapi oleh …..(sebut nama pesakit)"

2. Baca Surah Al-Fatihah sebelum memetik atau memotong pokok tersebut

3. Jangan tindih bayang. Pastikan pokok tersebut tidak terlindung bayang badan kita ketika mengambilnya. (Samaada bayang cahaya matahari di waktu siang atau bayang bulan dan lampu suluh di waktu malam).

4. Ambil tumbuhan yang segar – tidak dimakan ulat, tidak terlalu tua dan tidak terlalu muda.

5. Gunakan Periuk yang dibuat daripada tanah untuk merebus bahan ubat.

6. Bila mengacau bahan ubat, pergerakan pusingan hendaklah mengikut pusingan tawaf ka'abah (anti clock wise).

JENIS-JENIS AIR UNTUK RAWATAN

Bahan asas utama untuk semua jenis rawatan ialah air. Berikut ialah senarai jenis air mengikut turutan yang paling baik;

1. Air Zam-zam (yang paling baik)

2. Air jernih biasa yang telah dibacakan Surah Yaasin oleh 40 orang atau lebih.

3. Air dari kolah di Masjid yang digunakan untuk wuduk

4. Air hujan malam Jumaat yang ditadah terus dari langit

5. Air Mineral semulajadi

6. Lain-lain air mutlak yang jernih serta suci

MEDIA TANAMAN BENIH MAS COTEK

BAHAN:
1. Tanah 2 tan
2. Fiber Kelapa Sawit 1/2 tan
3. Sekam padi yang sudah dibakar 1/3 tan

gaulkan bahan-bahan 1-3 sehingga sebati dan biarkan selama 3 hari

siram bahan yang sudah digaul tadi dengan EM( Effective Microrganisma) yang telah diperkayakan EM1.

Setelah itu bahan media pun sudah siap untuk dimasukkan kedalam polybag

Report dari United States Geological Survey

Ficus deltoidea
Mistletoe fig
Moraceae
Forest Starr, Kim Starr, and Lloyd Loope
United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division
Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i
January, 2003

OVERVIEW

F. deltoidea is one of many species of Ficus cultivated in various parts of the world as a houseplant or as an ornamental shrub. In Hawai'i, this species is not as commonly
cultivated as other more popular figs, such as F. benjamina or F. elastica, and is known
from just a few plantings. This species is not yet reproducing sexually because each
Ficus species needs a specific pollinator wasp (Agaonidae) in order to reproduce and
spread (Ramirez 1970) and the pollinator wasp for F. deltoidea has not yet been
introduced to Hawai'i. The potential for Ficus species to spread in Hawai'i once their
pollinator wasps are introduced has been demonstrated already and future naturalization
of Ficus species could be prevented by preventing the introduction of pollinator wasps by
adding them to the list of injurious animal species. This would prohibit the wasps from
introduction and help to minimize the chance for this Ficus species to spread. In
addition, F. deltoidea is not widely planted and removal of this species and adding it to
the noxious weed list would also assist in prevention of future spread.

TAXONOMY

Family: Moraceae (Mulberry family)
Latin name: Ficus deltoidea Jack (Bailey and Bailey 1976).
Synonyms: Ficus diversifolia Blume (Bailey and Bailey 1976).
Common names: Mistletoe fig, Mistletoe rubber plant (Bailey and Bailey 1976).
Taxonomic notes: The genus Ficus is made up of about 1,000 species from pantropical
and subtropical origins (Wagner et al. 1999). Plants in the genus are all woody, ranging
from trees and shrubs to climbers (Neal 1965).
Nomenclature: The common name, mistletoe fig, comes from the habit of the plant as
an epiphyte often growing on larger trees. The scientific name, deltoidea, triangularis,
refers to the shape of the leaf.
Related species in Hawai'i: About 60 species of Ficus have been introduced to Hawai'i
for cultivation and reforestation (Wagner et al. 1999).

DESCRIPTION

"Evergreen shrub or small tree, usually bushy, sometimes epiphytic in the wild. 15–22 ft
(5-7 m) tall and 3-10 ft (1-3 m) wide. Leaves broadly spoon-shaped to obovate, leathery,
1 1/2–3 in (4-8 cm) long, bright green above and rust-red to olive brown beneath.
Spherical to round figs, to 1/2 in (1.5 cm)across, ripening from dull yellow to orange and
red, are freely produced in pairs." (Brickell and Zuk 1997). Seeds are minute.

"This large shrub or small tree with aerial roots often begins its life as an epiphyte but is
not a banyan. It grows only 20 feet or so in height and is more often found as a shrub
than a tree, even in nature. Indeed, it is usually seen as a large cascading epiphytic shrub
on large trees, thus one of the common names of mistletoe fig. It is a spreading and
somewhat sprawling shrub with slender zigzagging branches. The bark is gray and what
trunk there is slender and usually leaning. The leaf shape is probably the most variable in
the whole genus and ranges from elliptical or lanceolate to obovate or spatulate, the two
latter shapes being more common than the two former. Only the spatulate-shaped leaf
form is regularly sold and cultivated. The 3-inch-long leaves are dark green thick and
leathery, almost succulent, and the ends of the spatulate-shaped leaves are usually
provided with a shallow notch. The plant loves warmth and humidity, and produces
picturesque aerial roots under such conditions." (Riffle 1998).

BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY

Cultivation: F. deltoidea is cultivated as a houseplant for its attractive foliage. It is said
to be one of the only Ficus species that will produce fruits when cultivated indoors
(McKenny and Lineberger 2002). It also makes a nice shrub or foreground subject for
larger trees (Riffle 1998). On Maui, it is planted in a few locations as a small shrub. On
Kaua'i, in the Sleeping Giant area, this species is planted along a road fronting a private
property. The hedge is rather large, reaching about 3-4 m in height with long arching
branches that appeared to reach into and climb up other adjacent small trees. This plant
prefers warmth and humidity and produces aerial roots under such conditions (Riffle
1998).

Invasiveness: There was not much literature found about the invasiveness of F.
deltoidea. It is listed in Western Australia's global compendium of weeds (Randall 2002)
as Ficus triangularis, a possible synonym, as a quarantine weed. Currently, this species
is not reproducing sexually in Hawai'i. If the associated pollinator wasp was introduced
and successfully established, this species may begin to spread. Invasive attributes are
likely to be similar to other invasive Ficus species that have had their associated wasps
introduced and are reproducing on their own. These attributes include large seed
production, small fruit and seed size, ample vectors such as fruit eating birds and other
mammals to spread the seeds long distances, ability to germinate and grow as an
epiphyte, sometimes on native host plants, ability to replace desirable vegetation, and
difficulty in controlling epiphytic plants in steep terrain.
Pollination: The fruit (syconium or fig) and reproduction systems of species in the
genus Ficus are unique. Each species of Ficus has an associated species of agaonid wasp
(Hymenoptera: Chalcoidea: Agaonidae). Ficus species can only be pollinated by their
associated agaonid wasps and in turn, the wasps can only lay eggs within their associated
Ficus fruit.

Propagation: Ficus species propagate from seed and many can be propagated from
cuttings. Trees can begin life as epiphytes on other trees.

Dispersal: Plants are initially spread by humans who grow the plant for ornament.
Because the pollinator wasp is not yet present, F. deltoidea seeds are not viable. Other
species of Ficus that do have wasps present are spread by fruit eating birds. Various
birds observed by the authors foraging and roosting in other Ficus trees on Maui include
mynah birds (Acridotheres tristis tristis), blue faced doves (Geopelia striata), lace necked
doves (Streptopelia chinensis), Japanese white-eye (Zosterops japonicus), and house
sparrows (Passer domesticus), though there are probably more. Other animals, such as
pigs, rodents, parrots, and monkeys may be capable of spreading fruit.
Pests and diseases: Brickell and Zuk (1997) report that pests and diseases of Ficus
species include: mealybugs, scale insects, spider mites, root knot nematodes, and thrips
occur under most environmental conditions, fungal and bacterial leaf spots, crown gall,
twig dieback, and Southern blight.

DISTRIBUTION

Native range: F. deltoidea is native to S.E. Asia to Borneo, and the Philippines (Brickell
and Zuk 1997). Riffle (1998) describes this species as indigenous to the southern
Philippines southward and westward to Southeast Asia, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These
areas are islands located between the Pacific Ocean and the South China sea. The
vegetation type includes tropical rainforest. Average temperature ranges from over 68 F
(20 C) in January to over 86 F (30 C) in July. Average annual rainfall is over 80 in (200
cm) (Hammond 1986).

Global distribution: F. deltoidea is cultivated in various parts of the world and is grown
as a house plant in cooler regions. The following two specimen records were listed in the
Missouri Botanical Garden (2002) specimen database: USA, Florida, Dade, Fairchild
Tropical Garden, 5.5 m (18 ft), 25.37.00N 080.32.00W; and Malaysia, Selangor, 880-900
m (2,887-2,953 ft), 03.58N 101.38E.

State of Hawai'i distribution: The state wide distribution is not certain. Plants are
capable of growing as epiphytes (Brickell and Zuk 1997), however, in Hawai'i, it has
only been observed as planted in the ground on the islands of Kaua'i and Maui. On
Kaua'i, this plant was observed in a mixed planting in the Sleeping Giant residential area.
The plants ran along the front of a private property in a scrubby border probably planted
as a wind break or privacy screen. The plants had long arching branches that were
climbing in surrounding allspice (Pimenta dioica) and Surinam cherry (Eugenia
uniflora). Fruits were present and no seeds or wasps were observed, nor any
reproduction of the plant. The plants were robust in appearance and reached heights of 3-
4 m, much larger than previously observed plantings on Maui.
Island of Maui distribution: On Maui, few locations of cultivated F. deltoidea have
been observed. One is located at the Makawao Elementary school as a small shrub
grown in a hedge with other plants. The shrub is small (about 1 x 1 m) and sheared.
Fruits have been observed, though no wasps or sexual reproduction have ever been
observed. The other is located in Pukalani and is similar to the planting in Makawao. In
addition, F. deltoidea was recently observed for sale at the Kula Ace Hardware store, so
more locations are likely.

CONTROL METHODS

Physical control: Current plantings on Maui are small and can probably be dug up by
hand.

Chemical control: "Fig trees are particularly sensitive to triclopyr herbicides as a basal
or cut-stump treatment. Trees found growing on concrete or rock structures should be
treated with herbicide while young to avoid costly structural damage. Use extreme
caution when applying herbicide to figs growing as epiphytes to ensure that the poison
does not contact the host tree. When exotic figs germinate high in the branches of large
trees in natural forest communities, it may be extraordinarily difficult to get close enough
to the fig to treat it." (Hammer 1996).

Biological control: Nadel et al. (1991) report several pests that could be looked at for
biological control potential including various ants which were seen carrying off pollinator
wasps from Ficus fruits, Hymenoptera and mites that may be parasites of the pollinator
wasps, and staphylinids which were seen entering Ficus fruits and eating the pollinator
wasps.

Cultural control: The pollinator wasps (Agaonidae) should be prevented from entering
Hawai'i by adding them to the Department of Agriculture's injurious animals list in order
to prevent spread of F. deltoidea. Ficus species could be added to the Department of
Agriculture's noxious weed list. Alternative native plants and non-invasive non-natives
other than Ficus species can be used in landscaping.

Noxious weed acts: None.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

F. deltoidea is currently not spreading in Hawai'i due to the fact that its pollinator wasp
has not yet been introduced. It is sparingly cultivated in Hawai'i and only a few
specimens have been observed on the islands of Kaua'i and Maui. Though this species is
not widely known as invasive elsewhere and is not widely planted in Hawai'i, if the
associated pollinator wasp was introduced, there would be the potential for it to become
naturalized. Ficus wasps should be placed on the Department of Agriculture's injurious
animals list to prevent further introduction of associated pollinator wasps to prevent the
spread of this and other species of Ficus in Hawai'i.

REFERENCES

Bailey, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus. 3rd ed. Macmillan General Reference,
NY.
Brickell, C. and J. D. Zuk. 1997. The American Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia
of Garden Plants. DK Publishing, Inc., NY.
Hammer, R.L. In: Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli, ed. 1996. Invasive Plants: Weeds of
the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Handbook 149. p. 33-34.
Hammond Incorporated. 1986. Hammond Citation World Atlas. Hammond
Incorporated, Maplewood, NJ.
McKenny, C. and D. Lineberger. 2002. Outstanding Interiorscape Plants. Interior Plants
Database, Texas A&M University. Available: http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/-
interiorscape/ficusdiv.html (Accessed: March 7, 2002).
Missouri Botanical Garden. 2002. W3TROPICOS: Specimen database. Available:
http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi_bin/search_vast (Accessed: March 30, 2002).
Nadel, H., J.H. Frank, and R.J. Knight. 1992. Escapees and accomplices: The
naturalization of exotic Ficus and their associated faunas in Florida. Florida
Entomologist 75(1):29-38.
Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Special
Publication 40, Honolulu, HI.
Oppenheimer, H.L. and R.T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O'ahu, and
Hawai'i Islands. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 64(1):1-10.
Ramirez, B.W. 1970. Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evol. 24: 680-691.
Randall, R. 2002. The Global Compendium of Weeds: Ficus triangularis. Department
of Agriculture, Western Australia. Available: http://www.hear.org/gcw/htmll/-
autogend/species/8379.HTM (Accessed: March 7, 2002).
Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, OR.
Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of
Hawai'i. 2 vols. Bishop Museum Special Publication 83, University of Hawai'i and
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

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BENIH BETINA TELINGA GAJAH

Benih ini baru sampai ke tapak semaian di Lukut, Port Dickson. Skarang sedang mencari pembantu untuk mengisi media ke dalam polybag.

PRODUK DARIPADA HERBA MAS COTEK

PRODUK HERBA MAS COTEK RAMUAN TRADISI
(RM10.00/PAKET)

PRODUK TEH HERBA MAS COTEK

PEK EKNONOMI 30 UNCANG (RM35.00/KOTAK)

PRODUK TEH HERBA MAS COTEK

10 UNCANG (RM15.00/KOTAK)

Berikut ini adalah produk siap yg ada kami jual. Produk ini kami perolehi dengan 2 cara. Pertama dengan belian tunai dan kedua dengan sistem barter, di mana daun mas cotek kami tukarkan dengan produk siap yang ada di kilang memproses mas cotek di Ampang Tinggi, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan.